- The historical centre and the business district-La plaza santa Maria, la plaza de la madera, la Mota
- The main residencial areas- urbanizacion de el Tejar, Las Catalanas, el Pinar.
- the industrial areas-El centro de transportes, es donde se encuentran todas las fabricas y donde se realizan los envios.
- the main streets- Calle Herreros, Calle la Rua, Avenida Maragatos, Avenida de el Ferial, Calle los Carros.
-Where did the gipsy people come from? The gipsies come from the India
-How many gypsies are there in the world?
No one knows exactly how many Gypsies there are, either in general or in Spain in particular
-How many gipsies are there in Spain?
Estimates of the Spanish Gypsy population range as low as 500,000 and as high as 700,000.
-What language do they speak in Spain?
speak a language known as Romany
-What do you think the gipsies are excluded from the society?
I think that we should not treat them badly, we must all be united, even if it is true that sometimes behave in a manner not usual with us, makes us think differently about them.
-Are social integrartion programmes necesary? Why?, Why not?
yes, because sometimes they do not behave well with the Spanish, they think they are everything, and that are most important, I think what they had to do was some laws are not met, they are punished.
Hunting and Gathering societies
His time was in the Neolitic, the lifestyle was the Males probably traveled long distances to hunt and capture larger animals. Females hunted smaller animals, gathered plants, made clothing, protected and raised children, and helped the males to protect the community from rival groups. And special features were Hunting and gathering societies primarily survive by hunting animals, fishing, and gathering plants. The vast majority of these societies existed in the past, with only a few (perhaps a million people total) living today on the verge of extinction.
Pastoral societies
Members of pastoral societies, which first emerged 12,000 years ago, pasture animals for food and transportation. Pastoral societies still exist today, primarily in the desert lands of North Africa where horticulture and manufacturing are not possible. Su estilo de vida era el trabajo pastoril.
Horticultural societies
Unlike pastoral societies that rely on domesticating animals, horticultural societies rely on cultivating fruits, vegetables, and plants. These societies first appeared in different parts of the planet about the same time as pastoral societies.Agricultural societies
Agricultural societies use technological advances to cultivate crops (especially grains like wheat, rice, corn, and barley) over a large area. Sociologists use the phrase Agricultural Revolution to refer to the technological changes that occurred as long as 8,500 years ago that led to cultivating crops and raising farm animals. Increases in food supplies then led to larger populations than in earlier communities.
Feudal societies
From the 9th to 15th centuries, feudalism was a form of society based on ownership of land. Unlike today's farmers, vassals under feudalism were bound to cultivating their lord's land. In exchange for military protection, the lords exploited the peasants into providing food, crops, crafts, homage, and other services to the owner of the land. The caste system of feudalism was often multigenerational; the families of peasants may have cultivated their lord's land for generations.
Industrial societies
Industrial societies are based on using machines (particularly fuel-driven ones) to produce goods. Sociologists refer to the period during the 18th century when the production of goods in mechanized factories began as the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution appeared first in Britain, and then quickly spread to the rest of the world.
Postindustrial societies
postindustrial society based on information, knowledge, and the selling of services. That is, rather than being driven by the factory production of goods, society is being shaped by the human mind, aided by computer technology. Although factories will always exist, the key to wealth and power seems to lie in the ability to generate, store, manipulate, and sell information.
1. ¿Qué tipos de sociedades hay?
Hay tres tipos principales de sociedades: rural, industrial y post industriales.
Sociedades Rurales
En las sociedades rurales, la agricultura, y la explotación de los recursos minerales y energéticos son la base de la economía. Hay muy pocas industrias tradicionales como la manufactura textil. Muchas personas trabajan en el sector servicios, en pequeñas empresas. Muchas personas viven en pueblos, donde hay lazos tradicionales y costumbres, que siguen siendo fuertes. Hay muchas sociedades rurales en África, Asia y en Latin América.
Sociedades industriales
Mas de un tercio de la fuerza laboral trabaja en la industria. Las fabricas usuales no son modernas, y la producción se encuentra en los sectores tradicionales, como el metal, el hierro, textiles y medicamentos. Hay pequeñas granjas, pero un fuerte sector de servicio, particularmente en el transporte, comunicaciones y comercio. Muchas personas abandonan las regiones rurales y marchan a vivir a las ciudades. Hay sociedades industriales en el este y en el centro de Europa, y en los países industrializados en Latin América y en el Sur-Este de Asia.
Sociedades postindustriales
Más del 60% de la población trabaja en una variedad de el nivel alto de los servicios, como los servicios financieros y corporaciones, y la información tecnológica. Un 30% de la población trabaja en la industria. Un 10% de la población trabaja en la agricultura. Sin embargo, la producción se esta incrementando, gracias a las máquinas modernas y otros avances tecnológicos. Estas sociedades urbanas. En el pasado, las personas emigraban del país a las ciudades. Ahora, sin embargo, las personas se mueven fuera de las ciudades para encontrar trabajo. Las ciudades postindustriales se encuentran en los pasíses desarrollados, como los Estados Unidos, Canadá, el Oéste de Europa y Japón.
España tiene más de 44 millones de habitantes. La población de España creció rapidamente en el 1970, hubo una alta tasa de natalidad y una baja tasa de mortalidad. Sin embargo, en el 1980, la tasa de crecimiento natural bajó, y hoy es de 0.2%. Hay dos estaciones para esto:
-La caídad en los nacimientos y en las tasas de natalidad, y más mujeres que se van fuera a trabajar, se usan más anticonceptivos, las mujeres se casan y tienen niños más tarde. Las mujeres tienen una media de 1.32 niños, una de las más bajas de todo el mundo, la tasa de sustitución no está garantizada.
-El incremento de la esperanza de vida. España es uno de los países con alta esperanza de vida en el mundo. Es el resultado de la caida de la tasa de mortalidad.
Consecuentemente, la población de españa esta envejeciendo. De 100 personas, 17 tienen una edad de 65 o más, y el resto tiene menos de 15.
Distribución desigual
La población de España no esta distribuida de manera uniforme.
-El 60% de la población vive en las comunidades autonomas: Andalucia, Catalonia, Madrid y la Comunidad Valenciana.
-Algunas provincias, como Soria o Teruel, tienen unas densidades de 10 habitantes por km2. Otras, como Madrid o Barcelona, tienen más de 680 habitantes por km2. Las provincias del interior estan más extensamente pobladas que la costa y las islas de la provincia.
-Provincias del este. En muchas provincias, la mayoria de la población vive en las ciudades.
La diferencia entre el número de nacidos y el número de muertes se llama crecimiento natural. Cuando hay más nacidos que muertes, la población crece. Cuando hay más muertes que nacimientos, la población decrece.
La tasa del crecimiento natural es la relación entre el número de nacimientos y de muertes por 100 habitantes en un año.
NGR=Muertes-Nacimientos partido la población total por 100 Hoy, la tasa de crecimiento del mundo es de mas o menos 1.2%. Sin embargo, hay dos tendencias opuestas. En los países desarrollados, la vida es elevada. Con un total de un 15% de la edad de la población de 65 o más. En los países desarrollados, solo un 5% de la población es de más de 65. En los mismos países, más de un tercio de la población esta por debajo del los 15 años.
Políticas de población
El crecimiento de la población trae diferentes problemas. En los países desarrollados, la edad más alta de la población es de 65 o más, inrementan el aumento de el gasto de la asistencia sanitaria, pensiones, residencias de ancianos.
La tasa de mortalidad (MR) signigica el número de muertes en una población. Esta es la relación entre el número de muertes y la población del mismo año, expresa un número por mil. MR=El número de muertes en un año partido el total de población del año por 1000.
La tasa de mortalidad fue muy alta durante el siglo XIX, cuando empezó a haber una caída en el desarrollo de los países. En el siglo XX, cayó el desarrollo de los países, gracias a la falta de nutrición y de atención sanitaria. La asa de mortalidad, cayó de 20/1000 en el 1950 a 9/1000. Sin embargo algunos países disponen todavía de altas tasas de mortalidad, acausa de las epidemias, guerras, malas cosechas.
Mortalidad Infantil
La tasa de mortalidad infantil se refiere al número de muertes por mil niños bajo la edad de uno.
En 1950, 155 fuera de 1000 niños murieron bajo la edad de 1 año. La figura fue callendo a 55/1000 hoy.
Sin embargo, la figura varia de país a país. La mortalidad Infantil es un excelente indicador de la economía del país, ya que es más probable que un niño muera en los países subdesarrollados que en uno desarrollado.
Esperanza de vida.
La esperanza de vida se refiere a el número de años que se espera que viva alguien.
La experiencia de vida de las personas a aumentado. En el 1950, una persona vivía una media de 46 años. Hoy, la esperanza de vida es de 63 años por hombre y 68 para la mujer. De nuevo, hay grandes diferencias. En los países pobres como los países Africanos, la esperanza de vida es raramente alta en los 40 años, en cambio en los países más desarrollados la esperanza de vida es de alrededor de 80 años.
La tasa de natalidad (BR) es el número de niños nacidos cada año por cada mil personas. Por ejemplo, una tasa de 25/1000 significa que 25 bebés nacen en una población de mil.
BR=El número de nacidos en un año, partido el total de la población en el año, multiplicado por 1000.
La tasa de fertilidad nos dice aproximadamente el número de niños nacidos en un lugar. Esto relaciona el numero de bebes a el número de mujeres de edad fértil (entre 15 y 49 años)
La evolución de las tasas de nacimiento y fertilidad.
Hasta el siglo XIX, las tasas de crecimiento eran muy altas en todo el mundo.
A comienzos del siglo XIX, la tasa estaba en los países desarrollados, pero también siguió siendo elevada en los países en desarrollo.
Hoy, las tasas de fertilidad y natalidad estan también declinando en los países pobres. Pero siguen siendo mucho más altas en los países desarrollados. -La media tasa de natalidad es alrededor de 20 nacidos por cada 1000 personas, pero esto varía considerablemente de un lugar a otro, alrededor de 40/1000, mientras que la tasa de natalidad europea es de alrededor de 10.
-La media de la tasa de fertilidad es 2.7 niños por mujer. En Nigeria la media es de 7.6 niños por mujer, en Belarus y en Ukraine esta es de 1.2 niños por mujer.
El número medio de niños por mujer es, el indicador útil del crecimiento futuro de la población. En orden de mantener la población y las tasas de garantía de reemplazo, las mujeres podrían tener un promedio de 2.15 niños. Esto no sucede en los países desarrollados porque la media de niños por mujer es muy baja.
Diferentes factores contribuyen a las tasas de crecimiento y fertilidad.
-Socio-economicos factores: En los países pobres, los niños trabajan desde temprana edad, y contribuyen a los ingresos de la familia. Ellos cuídan a sus padres cuando son viejos, porque no hay pensiones y un sistema del Estado del Bienestar. Consecuentemente, los padres no tienen muchos hijos. En contraste, en los países desarrollados los niños no son una carga. No pueden trabajar hasta los 16 años, y son caros de mantener.
-Factores Culturales
El número de niños es pequeño cuando las mujeres tienen más educación. Alfabetismo, por ejemplo, el uso correcto de los anticonceptivos.
La regla de la religión es también importante. En general, hay muchas creencias en las grandes familias. Hay más niños en las sociedades donde la religión tiene una fuerte influencia.
Política religiosa
En muchos países subdesarrollados, donde la población crece más deprisa, los goviernos empiezan a reducir las tasas de nacimiento a través de los planes políticos. Sin embargo, en los países ricos, los gobiernos tienen incentivos a personas que tienen niños.
unit 10
Charles I:was the king of spain in XV and XVI centuries
Holy Roman Empire:Charles inherited the title of Holy Roman Emperor, from his paternal grandparents, together with family land in Germany, the Low Countries and France. As Emperor, he was called Charles V.
Comuneros:All of this angered the Castilians and led to the Revolt of the Comuneros.
Juan de Padilla:Toledo, led by Juan de Padilla, was the first city to rebel, in 1520. Other cities rapidly followed its example.
Philip II:was the son of Charles V.
Viceroy:The court was itinerant, and the king travelled in person to problem territories. Each territory had a viceroy or governor, who ruled in the king's name. There was also a court to administer justice.
Ottoman Turks:were his others greats rivals They were a constant threat in the Mediterranean and along the eastern boundary of the Holy Roman Empire.
German Protestant Princes: The most serious problem was the rebellion of the German Protestant princes.
Elizabeth I: In the confrontation with England, the relations with England deteriorated when Elizabeth I became Queen.
Invincible Armada:to fight against england, the powerful Spanish armada was defeated in 1588
Hernan Cortes: The most important expeditions were led by Hernán Cortés, who conquered the Aztec Empire
Aztec Empire: Was conquered by Hernán Cortés.
Inca Empire:Was conquered by Francisco Pizarro.
Francisco Pizarro: who conquered the Inca Empire.
Council of Indies:or consejo de indias, which advised the king on matters of government.
Viceroyalty of Peru:the territory conquered was divided into the Viceroyalty of Peru and viceroyalty of New Spain.
Viceroyalty of New Spain:the territory conquered was divided into the Viceroyalty of Peru and viceroyalty of New Spain.
Casa de Contratación:Or trading house, in Seville. The Spanish also set up large haciendas in América for stockbreeding and agriculture.
Densidad de Población
Para medir la densidad de población, no hace falta mirar la población absoluta, o el número de personas que viven en una zona. En este lugar, el calculo de la densidad de población es la relación entre la población y la superficie que ellos ocupan.
Densidad de poblacion es igual al numero de habitantes partido por el area que ellos ocupan (km2)
En un area han un gran numero de habitantes en una zona pequeña, esto es la densidad de población. El mismo numero de personas que viven en un gran area, está dispersamente poblada En algunas regiones del mundo estan muy densamente pobladas. -Muchas de estas regiones estan en el hemisferio norte, que tiene más del 90% de la población mundial.
-Muchas personas viven en la zona templada, especialmente entre 20 y 50 grados de latitud norte.
-Los continentes más poblados son Asia, con alrededor de 4000 millones de personas. Sin embargo, hay areas en Asia que están más pobladas.
-Por región, mas de la mitad de la población vive en el Este y en Sur Asia.
-Los dos países más poblados en el mundo son China y la India, que tienen acerca de 2500 millones de personas, cerca del 40% de la población del mundo. -En muchos países, las areas urbanas son normalmente más densamente pobladas que las areas rurales.
1.¿Cómo es la población del mundo?
Figuras de la Población
Alrededor de 6500 millones de personas habitan la Tierra.
Hasta el siglo XVII, la población creció muy despacio. El crecimiento fue alto, pero muchas personas murieron por el hambre y muchas epidemias(enfermedades).
El crecimiento empezó a comienzos del siglo XVIII, las mejoras en las tecnicas agricolas y en la industria, que incrementaron la producción de alimentos. Además, mejoraron los avances medicina.
El gran incremento de la población comenzó en el siglo XX. Como resultado se produjo una explosión demográfica. La población se cuatriplicado. Que pasó de 1700 millones en el 1900 a el 6000 millones en el 2000.
En la actualidad, la población mundial aumenta unos 80 millones de personas cada año, aunque la tasa de crecimiento esta ralentizandose.
La distribución de la población.
La población de la Tierra no esta distribuida de forma uniforme. En general, las personas viven en entornos que tienen:
-Lugares donde abunda el agua que es necesaria para el abastecimiento de la población y su desarrollo.
-Zonas con climas templados: que tienen temperaturas suaves todo el año y lluvias abundantes y regulares.
-Valles y llanuras: Estas tienen suelos fertiles, que son buenos para la agricultura, construcciones y comunicaciones.
-Areas con recursos energéticos: minerales, petroleo etc...
Por el contrario la población suele evitar territorios con temperaturas excesivamente altas o bajas y zonas aridas o sin depósitos de agua y areas con una humedad elevada y constante.
Renaissance- the profound social and cultural changes of the 15th and 16th centuries are known the Renaissance.
Humanism- One of the most important features of the Renaissance was the growth of humanism. This was a cultural and intellectual movement which developed in the 15th century and the early 16th century.
Erasmus of Rotterdam- Was an important humanist.
Thomas More- was an important humanist
Juan Luis Vives-was an important humanist.
Johannes Gutenberg- invented the priting press, in 1440.
Printing press-it was a revolutionary invention because:
-Books no longer had to be copied by hand
-Books became cheaper, and so more were sold.
-Humanist thought reached more people.
Nicolaus Copernicus- developed the heliocentric theory.
Heliocentric theory- This maintained that the Sun was the centre of the universe, and that the Earth and other planets revolved around it.
Ptolemaic- developed the geocentric theory.
Geocentric theory- which maintained that the Earth was the centre of the universe.
Quattrocento- was the term applied to 15th century Italian art, which flourished in Florence.
The Cinguecento was the term used to describe 16th century art, which flourished in Rome.
Proportions- Buildings were smaller, and not as tall as Gothic constructions. This was because architects wanted to adapt them to the proportions of the human body.
Leon Battista Alberti- Another importat architect was Leon Battista Alberti. He built the Rucellai Palace in Florence and the Basilica of Sant'Andrea in Mantua.
Bramante-built the Saint Peter's Basilica, did the first project.
Michelangelo- built the Sait Peter's Basilica, changed the dome.
Maderno- built the Saint Peter's Basilica, completed the rest.
Perspective-The renaissance painters used colour, composition and background scenes, such as buildings and landscapes, to create an impression of space and depth. They discovered perspective.
Masaccio- Was a Florentine painter.
Leonardo da Vinci, who brilliantly represented nature. He was a master of sfumato, a technique which involved blurring outlines to create a sense of depth.
Raphael achieved perfection in his use of colour, drawing and composition.
Titian- was a Venetian painter created highly colourful works of art. He is famous for his portraits, and paintings of religious and mythological themes.
Donatello- The greatest sculptor of the Quattrocento was Donatello. He captured the Renaissance ideal of sculpture in works like David.
Albrecht Dürer- was a great Renaissance figure. He introduced the Renaissance style in Germany after he had visited Italy. Dürer was an excellent draughtsman, engraver and portrait painter.
The Herrerian style- was characterised by austerity and solemnity.
The Plateresque style- was characterised by its abundant and delicate ornamentation.
El Greco- religous paintings and portraits had an original, dramatic style, which was full of movement.
Martin Luther- wrote 95 Theses in which he strongly criticised the Pope.
Lutheranism- was incompatible with the ideas of the Catholic Church.
Protestants- Consequently, Lutherans, later called Protestants, left the Catholic Church.
Calvinism-founded by John Calvin. His doctrine was based on predestination.
Predestination- The people are condemned or saved before they are born.
Henry VIII- wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragón, to marry another woman. However, the Pope would not grant him a divorce.
Anglican Church-In 1534, Henry VIII decided to create his own church, the Anglican Church. The king would be head of the church instead of the Pope. In many other ways, Anglicanism was initially very similar to Catholicism.
Council of Trent- met and adopted different resolutions.
Society of Jesus, founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1540, supported the Pope during the counter-reformation.
Inquisition- Persecuted those who failed to follow Catholic dogma.
1. Why is it called a crude rute.
The crude birth rate (often referred to simply as the birth rate) is the most commonly used index of fertility. This is the ratio of the number of live births each year to the total population (usually measured at the mid-point of the year). It is expressed as the number of births per 1,000 population. e.g. if 3,000 babies were born in a population of 150,000, then the crude birth rate would be 20 per 1,000.
The crude death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 members of a given population. It may be calculated for the population at the mid-point of the year or at the beginning of the year.
2.What aspect of population growth or decline is not measured by the natural increase calculation? The birth and the dead of the children
3. Calculate the Birth and Death Rates for Ireland in each of the four years
Muertos en 1995-8957598645
Muertos en 1998-847526249
Muertos en 2000-8216483139
Muertos en 2002-7492080446
Nacidos en 1995-1354705245
Nacidos en 1998-1446732705
Nacidos en 2000-1432279701
Nacidos en 2002-1545005454
4. Calculate the Natural Increase for Ireland in each of the four years.
1995-48786,10424
1998-53599,15247
2000-54238,17835
2002-60520,25079
5. Write a short paragraph outlining the population changes experienced over the period from 1995 to 2002, based on this data. In 1995 the dead of the population was growth but in 2002 was very small that 1995. As the birth rate was very low in 1995 but has risen sharply until 2002, and the natural growth has been high in 2002.
WHICH ARE THE MOST DENSELY POPULATED REGIONS IN THE WORLD? Why? Los territorios más poblados se encuentran en el occidente(Asia). Porque es donde se concentra la mayoría de la poblacion.
Where was born Charles V? Charles V was born in Flandes Could Charles V make decisions alone? Charles V did not have absolute power. Whose approval did he need before increasing taxes, for example? Decisions about taxes, for example, needed the approval of the Parliaments of each kingdom. Who were the children of Charles I? His son is Philip. Who ruled each territory in the king’s name? Each territory had a viceroy or governor, who ruled in the king's name. Why did the king need to ask for loans? Most of the king's revenue came from taxes, especially from Castile. But taxes alone were not enough to finance his policies, and the king had to ask for loans. Why did Charles V have problems with France? France was his main rival for supremacy in Europe. The main battles against France Pavia, Roma, Saboya y Alemania Why were the Ottoman Turks his rivals? The Ottoman Turks were his othe great rivals. They were a constant threat in the Mediterranean and along the eastern boundary of the Holy Roman Empire. The main battles against the Ottoman Empire. Los turcos llegaron a sitiar Viena (1529-1532), en el Mediterraneo, con la colaboración de sus aliados norteafricanos y del rey de Francia, interceptaron la navegación y saqueaban las costas italianas y españolas. What was his most serious problem? The most serious problem was the rebellion of the German Protestant princes. How did he divide his possessions when he surrendered his power? He divided his possessions: the Holy Roman Empire went to his brother Ferdinand, and the rest of his possessions went to his son Philip. Where Charles V decided to retire. En Yuste (España)
I think it was very important to import into Spain, because he was primarily used as livestock feed. Their knowledge extends across Europe and is just growing. The agricultural crisis that led to famine probocó the consumption of potato (potato) by farmers, sometimes displacing legumes and cereals, becoming a staple food which led to its progressive marketing.
1. (a) Describe the event that is taking place in the source shown on the right.
Martin Luther está escribiendo sobre la puerta de alguna catedral o alguna iglesia
(b) Mention one immediate consequence of this event. Creo que nos está mostrando una nueva catedral o una nueva iglesia.
1. Explain the following terms:
(a) justification by faith: Martin Luther descubrió la primera Biblia.
(b)indulgences: Los documentos eran expedidos por el Papa para perdonar los pecados por dinero.
(c) Papa bull: A través de los toros, los Papas ha estado declarando su voluntad de sus fieles.
(d) Excommunicated: El Papa les niega el derecho a tomar la sagrada ostia.
(e)Heretic: Ellos eran perseguidos por la Inquisition
(f) Clerical celibacy: La iglesia hace una distinción entre el celibato laicos y el eclesiastico
2. Write briefly four important landmarks in the life of Martin Luther.
The excommunication
The justification by faith
Counter-reformation
1.Why was the Council of Trent summoned? It was to stop the Protestant movement and improve conditions in the church.
2.Identify three conclusions reached at this Council.
Nuevos caminos para predicar el Catolicismo
Nuevos ordenes religiosos se hicieron
Ellos formaron la sociedad de Jesús
3. Name five contries in Europe where the Counter-Reformation was successful and one country Where it was not
Successful in: Spain, France, Italy, Germany...
Unsuccessful in: England and Scotland.
I think it was a good form to gave more ''privileges'' to the sheeps and cattle. The Mesta was a powerful association of sheep holders in the medievalKingdom of Castile. The sheep were transhumant, migrating from the pastures of Extremadura and Andalusia to Castile and back according to the season. The no-mans-land (up to 100km across) between Christian Spain and Moorish Spain was too insecure for arable farming and was only exploited by shepherds. When the land was reconquered by the Spanish, farmers began to settle and disputes with pastoralists were common. The Mesta can be regarded as the first, and most powerful, agricultural union in medieval Europe. The exportation of merino wool enriched the Mesta members (nobility and church orders) who had acquired ranches during the process ofReconquista. The kings of Castile conceded many privileges to the Mesta. Even today, herds of sheep may be transported by rail, but the perhaps prehistoric cañadas are legally protected "forever" from occupation and barring. Some Madrid streets are still part of the cañada system, and there are groups that organize sheep transportation across the modern city as a reminder of ancient rights and cultures.
Auteur: Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera.
Work: The Monastery of el Escorial
Type of work: It's make by granite
Function or Subject: The king Philiph II gave the orders to construct the monastery to commemorate the victory of San Quintin's battle on the frenchmen on August 10, 1557.
Decoration or Characteristics: The monastery of El Escorial looks like an enormous horizontal, closed an hermetic structure splashed by the vertical accents of the towers that surround the central dome.
Work: Statue of David
Type of work: bronze statue
Function or Subject: The statue shows the David's victory on Goliat.
Decoration or Characteristics: the first freestanding nude male sculpture
Auteur: Raphael
Work: The Holy Family with a lamb
Type of work: oil
Function or Subject: Religion. The Virgin Mary helps the baby Jesus riding on a lamb under the gaze of San Jose.
Decoration or Characteristics: The colors and brushstrokes are a very good match to the original.
Tuesday, 13 April 2010
Vocabulario Units 7 and 8
Unit 7
1. Marco Polo-Thanks to him was unveiled there in India, China and Japan.
2. Technical advances-That is why the Europeans need to seek new trade routes to the east
3. Portulan Charts- Were developed. They showed the coastline and any obstacles at sea. Straight lines showed the shortest distance between different ports.
4. Compass-Navigational instruments, such as the compass, the astrolabe and the quadrant, were developed.
5. astrolabe-Navigational instruments, such as the compass, the astrolabe and the quadrant, were developed.
6. Quadrant-Navigational instruments, such as the compass, the astrolabe and the quadrant, were developed.
7. Caravels Ships, such as caravels, were improved and, consequently, could travel longer distances.
8. Prince Henry the Navigator- The Portuguese monarchs and Prince Henry the Navigator organised various expeditions.
9. Bartolomeu Dias- In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, opening the sea route to the India Ocean.
10. Vasco de Gama- In 1498 Vasco de Gama reached India.
11. Christopher Columbus- Was a Genoese sailor. He was convinced he could reach the eastern coast of Asia by crossing the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus thought that the world was round, although some people still believed that it was flat.
12. Ferdinand Magallan- In 1519, an expedition of five boats and 250 sailors left Seville, captained by Ferdinand Magellan with his second-in-command, Juan Sebastian Elcano.
13. Juan Sebastian Elcano-In 1519, an expedition of five boats and 250 sailors left Seville, captained by Ferdinand Magellan with his second-in-command, Juan Sebastian Elcano.
14. Overseas empires- Portugal and Spain created great overseas empires. To prevent problems between the two countries, unexplored regions were divided between them in the Treaty of Tordesillas, in 1494.
15. Treaty of Tordesillas-Portugal and Spain created great overseas empires. To prevent problems between the two countries, unexplored regions were divided between them in the Treaty of Tordesillas, in 1494.
16. Indigenous population of America- One of the most important consequences of the discoveries was the contact between different peoples. Knowledge was exchanged. However, diseases introduced by the Europeans caused a dramatic decline in the indigenous population of America.
Unit 8
1. The plague- In the 14th century, Europe suffered a crisis as a result of poor harvests, wars and illness. Many people died. The most terrible event was the plague, which broke out in Europe, in 1348.
2. The Black Death-In the 14th century, Europe suffered a crisis as a result of poor harvests, wars and illness. Many people died. The most terrible event was the plague, which broke out in Europe, in 1348. This epidemic, also called the Black Death, devastated the whole continent. More than a quarter of the population died.
3. Bourgueoisie-The bourgeoisie also became very influential. It was made up of rich and powerful merchant and banking families. Some of them married into noble families to raise their social status.
4. bureaucracy- The monarchs created a bureaucracy and a professional and centralised administration, which depended directly on the monarch.
5. army-The monarchs built up the army. Troops were paid by the monarch and followed his orders.
6. diplomatic- They created a diplomatic system to maintain relations with other countries.
7. autoritarian monarchies-In this way, the authoritarian monarchies were born. The court, or king's residence, did not travel as it had done in the Middle Ages. It settled in one city and governed from there.
8. Ivan the Great-In Russia. Ivan the Great unified the country. He annexed new territories and made himself czar, or emperor, of Russia.
9. Henry VIII- Increased royal power in the early sixteenth century.
10. Charles VII-In France after the hundred Years War, French monarchs from Charles VII to Francis I uified the country and consolidated their power.
11. Francis I-In France after the hundred Years War, French monarchs from Charles VII to Francis I uified the country and consolidated their power.
12. Catholic Monarchs-In Spain the Catholic Monarchs unified all the Iberian kingdoms, except Portugal.
13. Holy brotherhood-The Catholic Monarchs created the Holy Brotherhood, a judicial police force, to fight against bandits and the abuses of the nobility.
14. Royal Council-They also reorganised justice and strengthened the Royal Council, the highest judicial body.
15. Corregidores-They appointed corregidores, or chief magistrates, to establish royal authority in the towns.
16. Treasury- They strengthened the royal Treasuty and took privileges away from the nobles.
17. Tribunal of the Inquisition-In 1478, with the Pope's permission, they founded the Tribunal of the Inquisition to prosecute heretics.
18. conversos- The conversos, or converts, were persecuted by the Inquisition.
19. Mudejares-In 1512, a similar decree established the conversion or expulsion of Mudejars, or Spanish Muslims.
20. Moriscos- Muslims who converted to Christianity were called Moriscos.
Architecture Characteristics in the Quattrocento artists and work- Brunelleschi was the outstanding architect of the Guattrocento. He was considered to be the first all-round artist because he was an architect, a painter and a sculptor. Some of his greatest works are the dome of the Cathedral of Florence, the facade of the Pitti Palace and the churches of San Lorenzo and Santo Spirito. These buildings became models of Renaissance art and were imitated in Italy and the rest of Europe. Another important architect was Leon Battista Alberti. He built the Rucellai Palace in Florence and the Basilica of Sant'Andrea in Mantua.
The Cinquecento
In the 16th century, the grat centre of Renaissance architecture was Rome. Here magnificent buildings were built under the patronage of Popes Alexander VI, Julius II, Leo X and Clement VII. One of the greatest buildings of this period in Rome wa
Reyes Católicos
Questions
Diplomatic-Of or relating to the diploma. | | 2. Belonging or related to diplomacy. | | 3. In a business of state: That it is between two or more nations. | | 4. Such a person involved in these businesses.U. t. c. s. A diplomat. | | 5. Affectedly polite. | | 6. coll. Circumspect, clever, sneaky. | | 7. f.Scientific study of diplomas and other documents, in both its internal and external characters, primarily to establish the authenticity or falsity. | | 8. diplomacy (ǁ science or knowledge of the interests of one nation and relations with others)
Domestic policy-Science that deals with the government or the conduct of states, cities or communities in general: Aristotle was one of the first philosophers to theorize about politics.
Dynasty-eries sovereign princes in a particular country, belonging to a family. | | 2. Family in which individuals are perpetuates the power or political influence, economic, cultural level.
What was the Holy Brotherhood?
A judicial police force, to fight against bandits and the abuses of the nobility.
What was the function of the Tribunal of the Inquisition?
In 1478, with the Pope's permission, they founded the Tribunal of the Inquisition to prosecute heretics.
Who were the conversors?
The conversos were jews wich converted to Christianity and stay in Spain.
How did the Catholic Monarchs strenghten their power over the municipalities and the nobility.
-They created a bureaucracy and a professional and centralised administration, which depended directly on the monarch.
-They built up the army. Troops were paid by the monarch and followed his orders.
-They increased taxes to finance their activities. However, new taxes still needed the approval of Parliament.
-They created a diplomatic system to maintain relations with other countries.
In this way, the authoritarian monarchies were born.
La peste o muerte negra
La peste es una enfermedad que tuvo su incidencia más nefasta en el siglo XIV. Hacia el año 1348 la peste se extendió por Europa durante algunos años causando grandes estragos, matando a millones de personas. En la actualidad, se calcula que en tres o cuatro años llegó a matar entre la tercera parte y la mitad de la población europea de la época. Ello supuso un gran desastre demográfico que marca una interrupción en la historia: hay un antes y un después de la peste de 1348.
Esta enfermedad se conoce desde la antigüedad y así la primera gran epidemia de la que se tiene noticias tuvo lugar en el año 542 (d.C.), en los tiempos del emperador bizantino Justiniano. Hubo otras grandes epidemias como la ya citada del siglo XIV o la de finales del siglo XIX, de forma que se calcula que hasta 1904 había causado 1.000.000 de muertos por año. A partir de esa fecha empieza a disminuir paulatinamente su incidencia y hacia 1945 prácticamente dejó de tener importancia.
¿Cuál es la causa de la peste?
En 1879 Pasteur propuso la hipótesis de que la peste era causada por un microbio que al transmitirse de unos organismos a otros propagaba la enfermedad. Pero el microbio era un completo desconocido y eso implicaba que había que buscarlo; pero, ¿dónde? Evidentemente la respuesta era que había que ir a buscarlo allí donde se encontrara la enfermedad y Alexander Yersin, un médico suizo, así lo hizo.
En 1894 la peste se extendía por China y Yersin con la ayuda de un microscopio buscó en Hong-Kong al misteriorso microbio. Investigó la sangre y el pus de los infectados hasta que al final logró aislar un bacilo: el bacilo de la peste (hoy en día se le conoce como el bacilo de Yersin). Este descubrimiento resultó crucial para, posteriormente, ayudar a buscar una vacuna que acabara con la enfermedad. Pero aunque este descubrimiento resultó fundamental, faltaba una pieza muy importante para completar el puzzle y derrotar a la enfermedad, seguía sin saberse cómo se transmitía.
La transmisión de la peste
El problema seguía siendo muy importante y eran muchas las preguntas que quedaban en el aire: ¿Por qué se producía el contagio? ¿Cómo se transmitía la enfermedad? ¿Por qué se propagaba tan rápidamente? ...
A finales del siglo XIX se sabía perfectamente que existían dos tipos de peste: la peste neumónica y la peste bubónica. En el caso de la peste neumónica, que afectaba a las vías respiratorias, el contagio era fácil de explicar: al toser los enfermos emitían pequeñas gotitas de secreciones bronquiales que podían ser aspiradas por las personas que estaban cerca y de esa forma se contagiaban de la enfermedad. Pero en el caso de la peste bubónica la situación era más compleja. Este tipo de peste no afecta a las vías respiratorias y los bubones axilares o inguinales no eran contagiosos, ni siquiera por contacto directo. De hecho, en los hospitales o en lugares con unas mínimas medidas de higiene no se producían contagios. Sin embargo en los barrios pobres se transmitía con gran rapidez. ¿Qué es lo que ocurría entonces? ¿Cómo se propagaba este tipo de peste?
Ya desde muy antiguo se creía que la peste tenía algo que ver con las ratas. En muchos lugares se había detectado que las ratas empezaban a morir masivamente un poco antes de que apareciera la epidemia en los seres humanos. Durante la epidemia de Bombay (India) en 1897 pudo comprobarse que efectivamente la epidemia en los humanos iba precedida por la epidemia de las ratas. Pero, aunque se supiera que las ratas tenían que tener un papel importante, ¿cuál era ese papel? Una pregunta difícil de contestar porque aunque se llegó a pensar que podía ser que transmitiera por mordiscos o arañazos, no parecía que la mayoría de los infectados hubieran sido mordidos o arañados por ninguna rata. Además, ¿cómo se transmitía de unas personas a otras? Los médicos llegaron a comprobar que mientras un afectado por la peste estaba enfermo no parecía que se contagiaran sus familiares; sin embargo, una vez que había muerto parecía que sus allegados empezaban a enfermar. ¿Qué ocurría entonces?
Questions
Catalina de Aragón, Ana Bolena, Jane Seymour, Ana de Cleves, Catalina Howard, Catalina Parr, Elizabeth Blount, María Bolena, María Berkeley, Juana Dyngley.
-What happened to his relations with the Pope?
Agitación religiosa [editar]
El Papa respondió a estos acontecimientos excomulgando a Enrique VIII en julio de 1533. Siguió una considerable agitación religiosa. Urgido por Thomas Cromwell, el parlamento aprobó varias actas que sellaron la brecha con Roma en la primavera de 1534. El Estatuto de restricción de apelaciones[12] prohibió las apelaciones de las cortes eclesiásticas al Papa. También previno que la Iglesia decretara cualquier tipo de regulación sin previo consentimiento del Rey. El Acta de designaciones eclesiásticas[13] de 1534, decretó que los clérigos elegidos para obispos debían ser nominados por el soberano. El Acta de Supremacía[14] del mismo año, declaró que "el Rey es la única cabeza suprema en la tierra de la Iglesia de Inglaterra". El Acta de traiciones,[15] también de 1534, convirtió en alta traición, castigada con la muerte, desconocer la autoridad del Rey, entre otros casos. Al Papa se le negaron todas las fuentes de ingresos monetarios como el Denario de San Pedro.
-What was the name of the church he established in England?
Anglicanismo
De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
El término anglicano y su derivado anglicanismo, provienen del latín medieval ecclesia anglicana, que significa iglesia inglesa, se utiliza para describir a las personas, las instituciones y las iglesias, como así mismo a las tradiciones litúrgicas y conceptos teológicos desarrollados tanto por la Iglesia de Inglaterra, en lo particular, como por las provincias eclesiásticas de la Comunión Anglicana. También se utiliza en lo referente a las iglesias anglicanas sin comunión con el Arzobispo de Canterbury (en el Reino Unido), como las partícipes del Movimiento Anglicano de Continuación y muchas otras completamente independientes.
- Reconquest-These kingdoms would lead to the Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
- Kingdom of Asturias-And León originated in the mountain ranges of Cantabria.
- Kingdom of León-Originated in the mountain ranges of Cantabria.
- Aragonese counties-The kingdom of Navarre and the Aragonese and Catalan counties originated in the Pyrenees.
- Catalan counties-The Kingdom of Navarre and the Aragonese and Catalan counties originated in the Pyrenees.
- Pelayo-In 718, the Visigoths in Cantabria chose Pelayo, or Pelagius, as their king.
- Battle of Covadonga-He defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Covadonga in 722.
- Alfonso III-The greatest expansion coincided with the reign of Alfonso III (866-810)
- Fernán González-It was divided into counties under Count Fernán González(930-970)
- Spanish March-The Pyrenean region formed the Spanish March within the Carolingian Empire.
- Carolingian Empire-The Pyrenean region formed the Spanish March within the Carolingian Empire.
- Sancho III the Great-Became the most powerful Christian king on the Peninsula.
- Wilfred the Hairy-United the Catalan counties.
- Beatus-A religious manuscript with beautiful illustrations, is also characteristic of Mozarabic art.
- Mozarabic art-Emerged in the Christian kingdoms in the 10th century.
- Mudejar art-Emerged in the 12th century in Sahagún, León.
- Asturian art-Debeloped between the 8th and 10th centuries.
- Repopulation-It was not a military advance; groups of peasants colonised the land and formed small villages in a process of repopulation.
- Fueros-In order to encourage emigration, the kings gave privileges called fueros to the towns.
- Military orders-Much of the land was underpopulated. It was given to military orders, which created large feudal estates.
- Mudejars-Were Muslims who remained in Christian territory.
- Alfonso VI-Conquered Toledo, and the Tajo valley fell into Castilian hands.
- Ferdinand III-United Castile and León.
- Cortes-The King of Aragón could not establish new taxes or laws without the approval of the Cortes of each kingdom.
- Honourable Council of the Mesta-In 1273 was created. It was granted privileges, such as the right for sheep and cattle to graze on peasants land. The Mesta was very powerful.
- Alfonso I the Battler-He conquered Zaragoza in 1118, and then other lands in the Ebro valley.
- James I the Conqueror-Took Valencia, Alicante, Murcia and the Balearic Islands.
- Generalitat-In Catalonia and Valencia, and The Justicia, an institution which defended the rights of individuals in Aragón.
Unit 5
- Ummayad-Al-Andalus was ruled by an emir or governor, under the Ummayad Caliphate of Damascus.
- Caliphate of Damascus-Al-Andalus was ruled by an emir or governor, under the Ummayad Caliphate of Damascus.
- Caliphate of Cordoba-In 756, Abderraman became Emir of Córdoba.
- Al-Andalus-Were the name for the territories of the Musulmans
- Jews-The Jews played a significant role in the economy.
- Emirate-In 750, the Ummayad family was assassinated, buy one of its members, Abd-al-Rahman, managed to escape. He reached the Iberian Peninsula, where he took power.
- Emir-In 756, he became Emir of Córdoba with the name Abd-al-Rahman I.
- Walis-or governors, controlled the provinces.
- Visir-The Caliph governed with the visirs, or ministers.
- Hayib-The Caliph governed with the hayib.
- Raids-Al-Mansur carried out more than fifty raids against the Christian kingdoms in the north.
- Taifas-The Caliphate was divided into taifas, or small kingdoms, such as Seville, Toledo, Badajoz and Zaragoza.
- Parias-The taifas were constantly attacked by Christians from the north. To avoid attack, the taifas paid taxes called parias to the Christian hands.
- Almoravids-Went to Iberia to stop the Christian advance. They reunited Al-Andalus.
- Almohads-Continued the fight against the Christians Kingdoms.
- Battle of Navas de Tolosa-In 1212 the Christian kingdoms defeated the Almohads.
- Nasrid Kingdom-Became the last Muslim territory on the Iberian Peninsula.
- Dinar- different coins were mainly used in these transactions:the gold dinar.
- Dirhem-Different coins were mainly used in these transactions:the silver dirhem.
- Arabs-Had the best land, and were in charge of government.
- Berbers-Were more numerous, but had fewer privileges. They sometimes rebelled.
- Muladies-Were former Christians who adopted the religion, language and customs of Islam.
- Mozarabs-Were Christians who continued to practise their religion.
- Medina-Or old city, which contained the most important buildings.
- Aljama-Or main mosque.
- Mosque-Or the aljama.
- Arrabales- Around the medina there were the arrabales.
- Alcázar-The centre of political life was the alcázar.
- Souk-Social and economic life was centred on the souk.
- Alhóndigas-The merchants kept their goods in large warehouses, known as alhóndigas.
- Averroes-Some outstanding intellectuals, such as the Muslim Averroes.
- Maimonides-Some outstandig intellectuals, such as the Jew Maimonides.
- Horseshoe arches-Islamic buildings were supported by columns, pillars and horseshoe arches, or arches with decorative plasterwork.
- Plasterwork-The Islamic buildings were supported by columns, pillars and horseshoe arches, or arches with decorative plasterwork.