Martin Luther and the German Reformation and The Counter-Reformation

1. (a) Describe the event that is taking place in the source shown on the right.

Martin Luther está escribiendo sobre la puerta de alguna catedral o alguna iglesia

(b) Mention one immediate consequence of this event. Creo que nos está mostrando una nueva catedral o una nueva iglesia.

1. Explain the following terms:

(a) justification by faith: Martin Luther descubrió la primera Biblia.

(b)indulgences: Los documentos eran expedidos por el Papa para perdonar los pecados por dinero.

(c) Papa bull: A través de los toros, los Papas ha estado declarando su voluntad de sus fieles.

(d) Excommunicated: El Papa les niega el derecho a tomar la sagrada ostia.

(e)Heretic: Ellos eran perseguidos por la Inquisition

(f) Clerical celibacy: La iglesia hace una distinción entre el celibato laicos y el eclesiastico


2. Write briefly four important landmarks in the life of Martin Luther.

The excommunication

The justification by faith

Counter-reformation

1.Why was the Council of Trent summoned? It was to stop the Protestant movement and improve conditions in the church.

2.Identify three conclusions reached at this Council.

Nuevos caminos para predicar el Catolicismo

Nuevos ordenes religiosos se hicieron

Ellos formaron la sociedad de Jesús

3. Name five contries in Europe where the Counter-Reformation was successful and one country Where it was not

Successful in: Spain, France, Italy, Germany...

Unsuccessful in: England and Scotland.


The Mesta

I think it was a good form to gave more ''privileges'' to the sheeps and cattle.

The Mesta was a powerful association of sheep holders in the medievalKingdom of Castile.

The sheep were transhumant, migrating from the pastures of Extremadura and Andalusia to Castile and back according to the season.

The no-mans-land (up to 100km across) between Christian Spain and Moorish Spain was too insecure for arable farming and was only exploited by shepherds. When the land was reconquered by the Spanish, farmers began to settle and disputes with pastoralists were common. The Mesta can be regarded as the first, and most powerful, agricultural union in medieval Europe.

The exportation of merino wool enriched the Mesta members (nobility and church orders) who had acquired ranches during the process ofReconquista.

The kings of Castile conceded many privileges to the Mesta. Even today, herds of sheep may be transported by rail, but the perhaps prehistoric cañadas are legally protected "forever" from occupation and barring.

Some Madrid streets are still part of the cañada system, and there are groups that organize sheep transportation across the modern city as a reminder of ancient rights and cultures.



jueves 15 de abril de 2010

Auteur: Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera.
Work: The Monastery of el Escorial
Type of work: It's make by granite
Function or Subject:
The king Philiph II gave the orders to construct the monastery to commemorate the victory of San Quintin's battle on the frenchmen on August 10, 1557.
Decoration or Characteristics: T
he monastery of El Escorial looks like an enormous horizontal, closed an hermetic structure splashed by the vertical accents of the towers that surround the central dome.

Thursday, 25 March 2010


Auteur: Donatello
Work: Statue of David
Type of work: bronze statue
Function or Subject:
The statue shows the David's victory on Goliat.
Decoration or Characteristics:
the first freestanding nude male sculpture

jueves 15 de abril de 2010

Auteur: Raphael
Work: The Holy Family with a lamb
Type of work: oil
Function or Subject: Religion. The Virgin Mary helps the baby Jesus riding on a lamb under the gaze of San Jose.
Decoration or Characteristics:
The colors and brushstrokes are a very good match to the original.








Tuesday, 13 April 2010
Vocabulario Units 7 and 8

Unit 7


1. Marco Polo-Thanks to him was unveiled there in India, China and Japan.
2. Technical advances-That is why the Europeans need to seek new trade routes to the east
3. Portulan Charts- Were developed. They showed the coastline and any obstacles at sea. Straight lines showed the shortest distance between different ports.
4. Compass-Navigational instruments, such as the compass, the astrolabe and the quadrant, were developed.
5. astrolabe-Navigational instruments, such as the compass, the astrolabe and the quadrant, were developed.
6. Quadrant-Navigational instruments, such as the compass, the astrolabe and the quadrant, were developed.
7. Caravels Ships, such as caravels, were improved and, consequently, could travel longer distances.
8. Prince Henry the Navigator- The Portuguese monarchs and Prince Henry the Navigator organised various expeditions.
9. Bartolomeu Dias- In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, opening the sea route to the India Ocean.
10. Vasco de Gama- In 1498 Vasco de Gama reached India.
11. Christopher Columbus- Was a Genoese sailor. He was convinced he could reach the eastern coast of Asia by crossing the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus thought that the world was round, although some people still believed that it was flat.
12. Ferdinand Magallan- In 1519, an expedition of five boats and 250 sailors left Seville, captained by Ferdinand Magellan with his second-in-command, Juan Sebastian Elcano.
13. Juan Sebastian Elcano-In 1519, an expedition of five boats and 250 sailors left Seville, captained by Ferdinand Magellan with his second-in-command, Juan Sebastian Elcano.
14. Overseas empires- Portugal and Spain created great overseas empires. To prevent problems between the two countries, unexplored regions were divided between them in the Treaty of Tordesillas, in 1494.
15. Treaty of Tordesillas-Portugal and Spain created great overseas empires. To prevent problems between the two countries, unexplored regions were divided between them in the Treaty of Tordesillas, in 1494.
16. Indigenous population of America- One of the most important consequences of the discoveries was the contact between different peoples. Knowledge was exchanged. However, diseases introduced by the Europeans caused a dramatic decline in the indigenous population of America.

Unit 8

1. The plague- In the 14th century, Europe suffered a crisis as a result of poor harvests, wars and illness. Many people died. The most terrible event was the plague, which broke out in Europe, in 1348.
2. The Black Death-In the 14th century, Europe suffered a crisis as a result of poor harvests, wars and illness. Many people died. The most terrible event was the plague, which broke out in Europe, in 1348. This epidemic, also called the Black Death, devastated the whole continent. More than a quarter of the population died.
3. Bourgueoisie-The bourgeoisie also became very influential. It was made up of rich and powerful merchant and banking families. Some of them married into noble families to raise their social status.
4. bureaucracy- The monarchs created a bureaucracy and a professional and centralised administration, which depended directly on the monarch.
5. army-The monarchs built up the army. Troops were paid by the monarch and followed his orders.
6. diplomatic- They created a diplomatic system to maintain relations with other countries.
7. autoritarian monarchies-In this way, the authoritarian monarchies were born. The court, or king's residence, did not travel as it had done in the Middle Ages. It settled in one city and governed from there.
8. Ivan the Great-In Russia. Ivan the Great unified the country. He annexed new territories and made himself czar, or emperor, of Russia.
9. Henry VIII- Increased royal power in the early sixteenth century.
10. Charles VII-In France after the hundred Years War, French monarchs from Charles VII to Francis I uified the country and consolidated their power.
11. Francis I-In France after the hundred Years War, French monarchs from Charles VII to Francis I uified the country and consolidated their power.
12. Catholic Monarchs-In Spain the Catholic Monarchs unified all the Iberian kingdoms, except Portugal.
13. Holy brotherhood-The Catholic Monarchs created the Holy Brotherhood, a judicial police force, to fight against bandits and the abuses of the nobility.
14. Royal Council-They also reorganised justice and strengthened the Royal Council, the highest judicial body.
15. Corregidores-They appointed corregidores, or chief magistrates, to establish royal authority in the towns.
16. Treasury- They strengthened the royal Treasuty and took privileges away from the nobles.
17. Tribunal of the Inquisition-In 1478, with the Pope's permission, they founded the Tribunal of the Inquisition to prosecute heretics.
18. conversos- The conversos, or converts, were persecuted by the Inquisition.
19. Mudejares-In 1512, a similar decree established the conversion or expulsion of Mudejars, or Spanish Muslims.
20. Moriscos- Muslims who converted to Christianity were called Moriscos.

Tuesday, 23 March 2010

Architecture Characteristics in the Quattrocento artists and work- Brunelleschi was the outstanding architect of the Guattrocento. He was considered to be the first all-round artist because he was an architect, a painter and a sculptor. Some of his greatest works are the dome of the Cathedral of Florence, the facade of the Pitti Palace and the churches of San Lorenzo and Santo Spirito. These buildings became models of Renaissance art and were imitated in Italy and the rest of Europe. Another important architect was Leon Battista Alberti. He built the Rucellai Palace in Florence and the Basilica of Sant'Andrea in Mantua.
The Cinquecento
In the 16th century, the grat centre of Renaissance architecture was Rome. Here magnificent buildings were built under the patronage of Popes Alexander VI, Julius II, Leo X and Clement VII. One of the greatest buildings of this period in Rome wa