- Reconquest-These kingdoms would lead to the Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
- Kingdom of Asturias-And León originated in the mountain ranges of Cantabria.
- Kingdom of León-Originated in the mountain ranges of Cantabria.
- Aragonese counties-The kingdom of Navarre and the Aragonese and Catalan counties originated in the Pyrenees.
- Catalan counties-The Kingdom of Navarre and the Aragonese and Catalan counties originated in the Pyrenees.
- Pelayo-In 718, the Visigoths in Cantabria chose Pelayo, or Pelagius, as their king.
- Battle of Covadonga-He defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Covadonga in 722.
- Alfonso III-The greatest expansion coincided with the reign of Alfonso III (866-810)
- Fernán González-It was divided into counties under Count Fernán González(930-970)
- Spanish March-The Pyrenean region formed the Spanish March within the Carolingian Empire.
- Carolingian Empire-The Pyrenean region formed the Spanish March within the Carolingian Empire.
- Sancho III the Great-Became the most powerful Christian king on the Peninsula.
- Wilfred the Hairy-United the Catalan counties.
- Beatus-A religious manuscript with beautiful illustrations, is also characteristic of Mozarabic art.
- Mozarabic art-Emerged in the Christian kingdoms in the 10th century.
- Mudejar art-Emerged in the 12th century in Sahagún, León.
- Asturian art-Debeloped between the 8th and 10th centuries.
- Repopulation-It was not a military advance; groups of peasants colonised the land and formed small villages in a process of repopulation.
- Fueros-In order to encourage emigration, the kings gave privileges called fueros to the towns.
- Military orders-Much of the land was underpopulated. It was given to military orders, which created large feudal estates.
- Mudejars-Were Muslims who remained in Christian territory.
- Alfonso VI-Conquered Toledo, and the Tajo valley fell into Castilian hands.
- Ferdinand III-United Castile and León.
- Cortes-The King of Aragón could not establish new taxes or laws without the approval of the Cortes of each kingdom.
- Honourable Council of the Mesta-In 1273 was created. It was granted privileges, such as the right for sheep and cattle to graze on peasants land. The Mesta was very powerful.
- Alfonso I the Battler-He conquered Zaragoza in 1118, and then other lands in the Ebro valley.
- James I the Conqueror-Took Valencia, Alicante, Murcia and the Balearic Islands.
- Generalitat-In Catalonia and Valencia, and The Justicia, an institution which defended the rights of individuals in Aragón.
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