Tuesday, 13 April 2010
Vocabulario Units 7 and 8
Unit 7
1. Marco Polo-Thanks to him was unveiled there in India, China and Japan.
2. Technical advances-That is why the Europeans need to seek new trade routes to the east
3. Portulan Charts- Were developed. They showed the coastline and any obstacles at sea. Straight lines showed the shortest distance between different ports.
4. Compass-Navigational instruments, such as the compass, the astrolabe and the quadrant, were developed.
5. astrolabe-Navigational instruments, such as the compass, the astrolabe and the quadrant, were developed.
6. Quadrant-Navigational instruments, such as the compass, the astrolabe and the quadrant, were developed.
7. Caravels Ships, such as caravels, were improved and, consequently, could travel longer distances.
8. Prince Henry the Navigator- The Portuguese monarchs and Prince Henry the Navigator organised various expeditions.
9. Bartolomeu Dias- In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, opening the sea route to the India Ocean.
10. Vasco de Gama- In 1498 Vasco de Gama reached India.
11. Christopher Columbus- Was a Genoese sailor. He was convinced he could reach the eastern coast of Asia by crossing the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus thought that the world was round, although some people still believed that it was flat.
12. Ferdinand Magallan- In 1519, an expedition of five boats and 250 sailors left Seville, captained by Ferdinand Magellan with his second-in-command, Juan Sebastian Elcano.
13. Juan Sebastian Elcano-In 1519, an expedition of five boats and 250 sailors left Seville, captained by Ferdinand Magellan with his second-in-command, Juan Sebastian Elcano.
14. Overseas empires- Portugal and Spain created great overseas empires. To prevent problems between the two countries, unexplored regions were divided between them in the Treaty of Tordesillas, in 1494.
15. Treaty of Tordesillas-Portugal and Spain created great overseas empires. To prevent problems between the two countries, unexplored regions were divided between them in the Treaty of Tordesillas, in 1494.
16. Indigenous population of America- One of the most important consequences of the discoveries was the contact between different peoples. Knowledge was exchanged. However, diseases introduced by the Europeans caused a dramatic decline in the indigenous population of America.
Unit 8
1. The plague- In the 14th century, Europe suffered a crisis as a result of poor harvests, wars and illness. Many people died. The most terrible event was the plague, which broke out in Europe, in 1348.
2. The Black Death-In the 14th century, Europe suffered a crisis as a result of poor harvests, wars and illness. Many people died. The most terrible event was the plague, which broke out in Europe, in 1348. This epidemic, also called the Black Death, devastated the whole continent. More than a quarter of the population died.
3. Bourgueoisie-The bourgeoisie also became very influential. It was made up of rich and powerful merchant and banking families. Some of them married into noble families to raise their social status.
4. bureaucracy- The monarchs created a bureaucracy and a professional and centralised administration, which depended directly on the monarch.
5. army-The monarchs built up the army. Troops were paid by the monarch and followed his orders.
6. diplomatic- They created a diplomatic system to maintain relations with other countries.
7. autoritarian monarchies-In this way, the authoritarian monarchies were born. The court, or king's residence, did not travel as it had done in the Middle Ages. It settled in one city and governed from there.
8. Ivan the Great-In Russia. Ivan the Great unified the country. He annexed new territories and made himself czar, or emperor, of Russia.
9. Henry VIII- Increased royal power in the early sixteenth century.
10. Charles VII-In France after the hundred Years War, French monarchs from Charles VII to Francis I uified the country and consolidated their power.
11. Francis I-In France after the hundred Years War, French monarchs from Charles VII to Francis I uified the country and consolidated their power.
12. Catholic Monarchs-In Spain the Catholic Monarchs unified all the Iberian kingdoms, except Portugal.
13. Holy brotherhood-The Catholic Monarchs created the Holy Brotherhood, a judicial police force, to fight against bandits and the abuses of the nobility.
14. Royal Council-They also reorganised justice and strengthened the Royal Council, the highest judicial body.
15. Corregidores-They appointed corregidores, or chief magistrates, to establish royal authority in the towns.
16. Treasury- They strengthened the royal Treasuty and took privileges away from the nobles.
17. Tribunal of the Inquisition-In 1478, with the Pope's permission, they founded the Tribunal of the Inquisition to prosecute heretics.
18. conversos- The conversos, or converts, were persecuted by the Inquisition.
19. Mudejares-In 1512, a similar decree established the conversion or expulsion of Mudejars, or Spanish Muslims.
20. Moriscos- Muslims who converted to Christianity were called Moriscos.
Architecture Characteristics in the Quattrocento artists and work- Brunelleschi was the outstanding architect of the Guattrocento. He was considered to be the first all-round artist because he was an architect, a painter and a sculptor. Some of his greatest works are the dome of the Cathedral of Florence, the facade of the Pitti Palace and the churches of San Lorenzo and Santo Spirito. These buildings became models of Renaissance art and were imitated in Italy and the rest of Europe. Another important architect was Leon Battista Alberti. He built the Rucellai Palace in Florence and the Basilica of Sant'Andrea in Mantua.
The Cinquecento
In the 16th century, the grat centre of Renaissance architecture was Rome. Here magnificent buildings were built under the patronage of Popes Alexander VI, Julius II, Leo X and Clement VII. One of the greatest buildings of this period in Rome wa
Peste negra
La peste o muerte negra
Esta enfermedad se conoce desde la antigüedad y así la primera gran epidemia de la que se tiene noticias tuvo lugar en el año 542 (d.C.), en los tiempos del emperador bizantino Justiniano. Hubo otras grandes epidemias como la ya citada del siglo XIV o la de finales del siglo XIX, de forma que se calcula que hasta 1904 había causado 1.000.000 de muertos por año. A partir de esa fecha empieza a disminuir paulatinamente su incidencia y hacia 1945 prácticamente dejó de tener importancia.
¿Cuál es la causa de la peste?
En 1879 Pasteur propuso la hipótesis de que la peste era causada por un microbio que al transmitirse de unos organismos a otros propagaba la enfermedad. Pero el microbio era un completo desconocido y eso implicaba que había que buscarlo; pero, ¿dónde? Evidentemente la respuesta era que había que ir a buscarlo allí donde se encontrara la enfermedad y Alexander Yersin, un médico suizo, así lo hizo.
En 1894 la peste se extendía por China y Yersin con la ayuda de un microscopio buscó en Hong-Kong al misteriorso microbio. Investigó la sangre y el pus de los infectados hasta que al final logró aislar un bacilo: el bacilo de la peste (hoy en día se le conoce como el bacilo de Yersin). Este descubrimiento resultó crucial para, posteriormente, ayudar a buscar una vacuna que acabara con la enfermedad. Pero aunque este descubrimiento resultó fundamental, faltaba una pieza muy importante para completar el puzzle y derrotar a la enfermedad, seguía sin saberse cómo se transmitía.
La transmisión de la peste
El problema seguía siendo muy importante y eran muchas las preguntas que quedaban en el aire: ¿Por qué se producía el contagio? ¿Cómo se transmitía la enfermedad? ¿Por qué se propagaba tan rápidamente? ...
A finales del siglo XIX se sabía perfectamente que existían dos tipos de peste: la peste neumónica y la peste bubónica. En el caso de la peste neumónica, que afectaba a las vías respiratorias, el contagio era fácil de explicar: al toser los enfermos emitían pequeñas gotitas de secreciones bronquiales que podían ser aspiradas por las personas que estaban cerca y de esa forma se contagiaban de la enfermedad. Pero en el caso de la peste bubónica la situación era más compleja. Este tipo de peste no afecta a las vías respiratorias y los bubones axilares o inguinales no eran contagiosos, ni siquiera por contacto directo. De hecho, en los hospitales o en lugares con unas mínimas medidas de higiene no se producían contagios. Sin embargo en los barrios pobres se transmitía con gran rapidez. ¿Qué es lo que ocurría entonces? ¿Cómo se propagaba este tipo de peste?
Enrique VIII
Catalina de Aragón, Ana Bolena, Jane Seymour, Ana de Cleves, Catalina Howard, Catalina Parr, Elizabeth Blount, María Bolena, María Berkeley, Juana Dyngley.
-What happened to his relations with the Pope?
El Papa respondió a estos acontecimientos excomulgando a Enrique VIII en julio de 1533. Siguió una considerable agitación religiosa. Urgido por Thomas Cromwell, el parlamento aprobó varias actas que sellaron la brecha con Roma en la primavera de 1534. El Estatuto de restricción de apelaciones[12] prohibió las apelaciones de las cortes eclesiásticas al Papa. También previno que la Iglesia decretara cualquier tipo de regulación sin previo consentimiento del Rey. El Acta de designaciones eclesiásticas[13] de 1534, decretó que los clérigos elegidos para obispos debían ser nominados por el soberano. El Acta de Supremacía[14] del mismo año, declaró que "el Rey es la única cabeza suprema en la tierra de la Iglesia de Inglaterra". El Acta de traiciones,[15] también de 1534, convirtió en alta traición, castigada con la muerte, desconocer la autoridad del Rey, entre otros casos. Al Papa se le negaron todas las fuentes de ingresos monetarios como el Denario de San Pedro.
-What was the name of the church he established in England?
El término anglicano y su derivado anglicanismo, provienen del latín medieval ecclesia anglicana, que significa iglesia inglesa, se utiliza para describir a las personas, las instituciones y las iglesias, como así mismo a las tradiciones litúrgicas y conceptos teológicos desarrollados tanto por la Iglesia de Inglaterra, en lo particular, como por las provincias eclesiásticas de la Comunión Anglicana. También se utiliza en lo referente a las iglesias anglicanas sin comunión con el Arzobispo de Canterbury (en el Reino Unido), como las partícipes del Movimiento Anglicano de Continuación y muchas otras completamente independientes.
